5. 同位语从句：who等
who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
She raised the question where we could get the fund.
她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。
6. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1) 同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。
2) that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
3) whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
4) 1. 从词义角度看问题
who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义；它们用来引导定语从句时，不具有疑问词的含义。
2.从搭配角度看问题
who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强，如：先行词是“人”，引导词用“who”等，而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。
不用冠词的场合
1、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。
China, Johnson;
Air is matter.
Sound is invisible.
2、当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。
This book is good.
I read my English book every day.
3、注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。
＊my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.
街名、广场名、公园名前。
Wall Street. Tian’anmen Square, Hyde Park.
4、省市、大学名前。
Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)
5、湖泊前一般不用冠词。
East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake
6、山峰前不用冠词。
Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest
7、月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。
March, Christmas, Sunday;
Have you had lunch?
Spring is the best season of the years.
(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)
8、称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。
What’s this, John?
We made Li Hai monitor.
9、学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。
We like maths.
They often play football.
10、泛指的复数名词前。
Students must work hard at their lesson.
11、与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。
by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.
定冠词的用法
1、表特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please.
The old poor peasant has a son.
The son is a model worker.
2、表示世界上独一无二的东西。
the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）
3、用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。
the second, the tallest, the last, the first.
4、用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。
the United States; the People’s Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese People’s Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.
5、用在某些建筑物名称前。
The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the People’s Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。
6、用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。
The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。
7、用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。
the People’s Daily（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement
8、用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。
on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm
9、用在形容词前表一类人。
the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.
10、用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。
Give me the book. Who’s the man?
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。
the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners
11、用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。
The horse is a useful animal.
The computer was invaded not long ago. （但更多时候表特指：The horse is ill. ）
12、指世纪的年代。
in the 1890’s或in the 1890s
13、用在表示乐器的名词前。
play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)
14、用在某国语言前，构成the … language的形式。
The English language is very widely used all over the world.
如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。
Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.
15、用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。
He got paid by the hour.
They sell the cloth by the meter.
初中英语句子成分
句子成分是 组成句子的各个部分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
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